Bogart and Landau Purpose

The guiding principles I demand examine that Bogart and Landau purpose about the body as a pricking was practical to say the least. It encourages readers to focus and flex their creative imagination using the body. It is rigorous training to help beginner or novice pupils in insight on questioning, exploring, and reorganizing parts of theatre.Bogart and Landau gives a set of task for readers to focus on which helps open the student mind the freedom and imagination to create. Bogart and Landau insinuates pushing the body for non-dancers and student actors experiences to learn different positions. It is a way for the student to be a creator, actor, reflector, and participant. Communication and dramatic text explained in the viewpoints system are physical much(prenominal) as using shape.Being aware that your body is already making a shape as a silhouette but being competent to use that in amidst of creating lines with your body. It is possible for a student to be able to use thei r knees and feet to create shape. A student does not have to use the briny body parts such as legs and arms.Connection through dramatic text can be use through architecture. For example, in a class bod we were instructed to use props in the dance room to connect with. As well as our bodies.Breathing and following our tempos using our breath has been a study form of dramatic connection. Bogart and Landaus example of medium, fast and slow tempos connected to me during the exercise in the most recent class. It felt like after our instructor told us to switch tempos from fast to slow or slow to fast it was up to us to connect after that. When switching my tempos, it became slightly confusing to keep up with myself without being constantly told to change tempos.It is a battle between your mind and your body. Your body is listening to your mind, which is being responsive to the instructor telling you what to do completely while trying to keep up your own pace. Connecting is required by focusing on a task at hand. When your mind and body are being responsive to different things, it is up to the student to connect your mind, body, to the tempo. Adapting to this process of performance had been a challenge. Understanding how to have your mind and body in sync. utilize your tempo helps because you can pick an live up to and changing your tempo will change your action.Be aware of how the action of changing tempos alters the meaning of physical action.37. This quote adapts to me in a sense of how my tempos in my action could affect my mood. Switching of tempos can help with awareness. It will expand range and develop the individuals susceptibility to shift in and out of extreme tempos instantly and unexpectedly.37. This quote analyzes how switching of tempo is perceived. Mainly because for example if you are punching, a punching bag belatedly it will not feel like you are not putting any impact into the bag which will cause your mood to become utter or fall short. For a faster tempo my mood can be either extremely happy, anxious, or angry.When working with fast tempos, balance on the inside by maintaining a sense of calm, quiet, slow.39. This quote puts a better perspective on tempo for me. Youll understand your ultimate control at that point. If you heart yourself and find balance this could be achieved. Challenges experienced have all been learning experiences. The architecture. Being aware of positioning your feet and other props around you in the room. Texture.53. In this passage it helps me analyze how when wearing my Nike runners on the floor in the black box theatre, they can be certain floor movements I have to do with my shoes off because I cannot achieve the movement without sliding, letting the slick floor and my socks help my movement.An activity with a small area and a swarm of running in different directions could be difficult in a sense. For example, an activity that required us to run all over the area in different directi ons in different tempos. Become acutely aware of exactly where you are and let this architecture inform your movement.52. Knowing this passage during that exercise could have been put into logic during that time. Including Others.53. Explains on joining in on using objects with others around you. In a lesson where you are told to find a spot around the room and, to use the same prop can be a challenge because of placing. Trying to place yourself in a position that fits with the object and excessively trying to maintain in sync with the others around the prop. It is something that takes thought before executing because if not this can cause other confusion as well.In conclusion Bogart and Landau have both put in helpful examples of how to understand, analyze, and reflect on exercises being done.

Aging Workforce in Singapore Essay

Populations in many developed countries are come alonging, and Singapore is no exception. The first crapper of post-war baby boomers allow for reach 65 years of age by 2012. The number of seniors will join on from 8.4% in 2005 to 18.7% in 2030 (refer to Table 1). correspond to the 2010 Population Report,The proportion of residents (i.e. citizens and PRs) venerable 65 and above increase from 7.0% of the resident population in 1999 to 8.8% in 2009. Correspondingly, the number of younger residents aged 15-64 for every resident aged 65 and above (i.e. the old-age support ratio) fell from 10.1 in 1999 to 8.3 in 2009 (refer to Table 2). (Singapore Department of Statistics, 2010, p. 4) Today, maven tabu of every 12 Singaporeans is aged 65 or above. By 2030, this ratio will become one out of five.On January 2011, the parliament has passed down the untried employment law of changing to retirement age from 62 to the age of 65 from January 2012. This is a good sunrise(prenominal)s to m any Singaporeans who felt that they are good-tempered capable of craping beyond the retirement age of 62 (Nayak, 2011, para. 3).An mountment population brings both challenges and opport unities, having amazing effect on all parts of our society individuals, families, communities, businesses and government. Therefore, we ought to prepare early for the challenges of an ripening population to realise the well- being of our seniors and their families to win the first line of support. At the same time, we must be ready to tie the economic opportunities that will emerge from the demographic shift.Aging Workforce in the Hotel Industry With relevance to the major demographic trends, aging population, this revolution will change the face of our labour market. Correspondingly, the turn overforce is not completely ageing, but also growing at a much slower pace. Increasingly, companies are go about problems in recruiting replacements for retiring employees. This is a reality that companies go to grapple with and adapt to. Neverthe little, not all companies are being affected equally nor are they moving at the same rate to identify and address how the ageing trend will be impacting their businesses.Impacts In the hospitality industry, service is the factor that differentiates hotels from its competitors. Therefore with a gravid amount of aging workforce in the frontline, it will bring down the image of the hotel in harm of appearance a younger worker would look fresher and lease a better salute to guests. As a guest of a hotel overseas, he or she would be preferred to be served by younger workers than people of an old age.As sr. employees are naturally more prone to illnesses, they would function to take more medical leaves gum olibanum decreasing the manpower. When one gets sick, it affects the employees mood to work and frankincense less concentration when working. This in turn reduces the efficiency of the operations of hotels. In addition, the implys and interest changes with aging workforce. According to the study by Tripartite Alliance for Fair Employment Practices (TAFEP) (2010), rising health and insurance costs, line about physical abilities, and adaptability/willingness were ranked as the top three challenges (p. 3).With the ever changing preferences and needs of the society, hotels wipe out to constantly upgrade their standard of services. However, aged(a) employees may not be equipped with latest skills and experience needed to achieve the hotels competitive advantage. Thus, in that respect is a need to constantly upgrade the skills of their of age(p) employees. Older employees are more resistant to changes and improvements. This may be mainly due to their thinking of already having the appropriate experience and companionship and in that location is no need for further training, especially in the concomitant of leapfrogging, where a younger worker is put in lodge of a more experienced worker. legion(pre dicate) hotels will have an advantage by having a large pool of elderly employees. It is mainly because there are many hire out positions which young employees would be unwilling to take up. Most time, foreigners would be engage to fill up the rest of the occupation va trickcies that do not appeal to the young employees however, hotels nates have some other avenue of recruitment the elderly workforce. This will give hotels a great advantage to handpick the crush ceasedidates out of the pool of elderly workforce.In hotels, there are certain positions that elderly employees occupy, for example roll in the hayrial positions. Being loyal to the caller, they would not want to leave their positions easily as compared to the younger workforce who unremarkably job hops for a better pay. This relieves the hotels need to constantly recruit and train new workers, thus helping to cut the costs during the process of recruitment and training.Challenges A) The Human Resource (HR) unit h as a challenge to portion the older employees in suitable positions that is beneficial for both the hotel and the aging workforce. The HR unit also has to ensure that the hotel would maintain a good image and increases their productivity. There is also a need for the HR unit to create a supportive culture for the older workers in order to manage such diverse workforce.B) Keeping older employees motivated at work along with the right emplacement is important when serving their customers. In addition, with the older employees being more prone to illnesses, hotels have to struggle with ways to pass off their costs low and at the same time provide adequate medical benefits for them. During such fulfilments it is more crucial for managers and supervisors to show them care and patience.C) Values tend to change from one generation to another as well as during different life stages. The thinking of the older generation is more unprogressive than those of the younger generation. It wo uld thus be a challenge for the hotels wanting the older employees to improve their values in their job scope. With a more conservative mindset and thinking, they would be afraid to try new things and be more innovative.In turn, the hotel will lose its competitiveness if new changes are adopted. Hence, the HR unit in a hotel has to place their older employees in the most relevant training to help them prepare for changes in their current jobs. Besides that, older employees would normally take a longer time to adapt to changes, thus the management has to work out appropriate schedules to help their employees to have a proper balance with their job and trainings.D) Older employees tend to have more skills and knowledge in the industry due to the experiences they have deceased through. Retaining this skills and knowledge is critical for hotels to ensure that the younger generation will also have these basic skills and knowledge as a platform for them to have an advantage over their co mpetitors.E) Although there is a need to book these skills and knowledge, there will definitely be a time when one has to retire. However, the aging workforce is unremarkably reluctant to leave their positions as they are emotionally attached to the hotel. This would be a challenge for the hotel to flummox ways to recruit younger employees, without resulting in excess manpower and high costs, especially for positions in the higher(prenominal) management. If the hotel were to retain most of the older employees, they may miss opportunities on recruiting young employees who can be a more valuable asset to the hotels which helps to bring their standards to a higher level.Solutions It is time for employers to start responding to the potential consequences of the ageing workforce on their businesses. If not well-prepared, employers may find themselves suddenly faced with labour loss, experience and expertise that will be difficult to offset, given the relatively small pool of new empl oyees. With many companies facing the same problem, competition for new talents is equivalently to surface.A) Hotels can have interviews to know which areas older employees would prefer to work in and the languages they can speak. With the information gathered, hotels will be able to know their strengths and weaknesses which help to determine where to allocate each individual. With the proper job assignment, hotels will be able to maintain a good image, by reassigning the older employees with language barriers to the backhouse such as room attendant. This allows them to be in their comfort zone and subsequently getting used to their task, the productivity will be maximized in both the frontline and backhouse.B) In order to keep older employees engaged and motivated, it is vital for the HR department to maintain constant communication with the older employees and witness any problems, issues and concerns that they are encountering. By treating their employees like family members, it may be a major job happiness-driver for them and thus motivating them to do better for the hotel. Besides that, communication and treating each other with respect ensures that the spirit of their employees is forever and a day high. Through job empowerment, employees will have more decision devising responsibilities and hence they will whole step more respected as an employee as they are given a chance to handle more difficult situation on their own. As for medical benefits, hotels can pay a certain region of their medical fees. For example, the hotels will pay 50% of their employees medical fees while the other 50% is remunerative by the employees.C) Facing the challenge that older generation is more conservative, companies can focus on creating a positive work environment for older employees by allowing flexible hours, more communication and constantly motivating them. some(prenominal) of the actions can be allowing the older employees to have an option to consider diffe rent jobs and different sets of responsibilities. Some older employees may wish to devote their later career years to jobs that allow them to develop new competencies. Others may want jobs that are less demanding, these older employees may be interested in making transitions to different jobs within the company or make lateral moves or even to lower positions with a pay reduction. Other than that, the hotel can allow them to have a choice over the number of hours worked and provide them with flexible schedule for trainings. For example, older employees work on reduced-hours such as part-time or job sharing, so as to schedule the rest of their time for trainings that are arranged for them.D) To retain the skills and knowledge, the older employees can train and guide the younger employees before they retire to ensure that the skills and knowledge are passed down. After retirement, they can come back and help out by overlooking and having workshops to give further training that is need ed.E) To pull back the younger people, creative ways are needed. For example, the hotel can come up with a program like the popular show The Apprentice by Donald Trump to search for the best employee. However, we must ensure there is no excessive pool of manpower and costs are kept low. The hotels can allow their older employees to be on-call workers or have flexible work schedules. On-call workers are employees who are called to work only when needed, although they can be scheduled for work for several old age or weeks in a row. In days when the hotels need a massive number of employees, the on-call workers will be called back. By providing flexible work schedules, older employees are allowed to plan their work schedules with the choice over the number of hours worked. This will prolong the retirement period for older employees by allowing them to work but at a lesser duration, so that younger employees have the chance to excel and there will not be a surplus or shortage in the m anpower.Case Study Royal Plaza on Scott The Royal Plaza on Scott is a 5-star leading hotel in Singapore. 50% of the hotel 300 employees are classified under the mature and older category. The company recognized the importance of mature employees and has sets out strategy as Singapore faces human capital challenge of managing a mature and older workforce. According to Fiat (2010),The mature employees are valuable assets to the organization as they are able to share their wealth of experience with the younger employees. The hotel taps on their expertise by pairing the mature employees with the younger generation of new hires to provide guidance and encourage cohesiveness. The hotel also use a buddy system where a new mature employee is paired with a younger workfellow or vice versa to work together and learn from each other. For example, younger employees may learn from mature and older employees on how to handle difficult customers while guiding their older colleagues on the effect ive employ of technology at the workplace. (TAFEP, p. 45)Royal Plaza on Scott has developed recruitment strategies like implementing Flexible running(a) Arrangements (FWA), where there is a flexible work arrangement which includes flexi-time, part time, job shares and compressed workweeks. Health benefits and programmes will also be implemented including regular health screening, health talk, yoga courses, sushi-making classes and others. This is to encourage for a healthy work life balance. Another great strategy used is to set up a Recreational delegacy that was assigned to take care of the well being of co-worker. This committee will be in charge of organizing health awareness events, initiatives to create awareness of healthy lifestyle as well as to sting employees of difference generations (TAFEP, 2010, p.46).

Television Broadcasts Limited

Television Broadcasts Limited, comm totally cognise as TVB, is the first wireless commercial tv station in Hong Kong. It was first established on 19 November 1967 with only close to 200 staff. The Group has now grown to a size of about 4,200 including contract artistes and staff in overseas subsidiary companies. The major activities of TVB are television air, programme toil and other broadcasting related activities such as programme licensing, video distribution and satellite broadcasting etc.It transmits over 17,000 hours of programming on its Chinese Jade channel and English Pearl channel liberate of charge to 2. 34 million homes in Hong Kong. It is one of the largest producers of Chinese language programming in the world. umteen of the Chinese programmes are dubbed into other languages and are distributed to more than 40 countries and cities, accessible to over 300 million ho practiseholds. During the prime time viewing hours, the Chinese Jade Channel and English Pearl Cha nnel get to a remarkable average of 87% and 80% of Hong Kongs television audience share respectively.To lot with future phylogenesis, the Company invested HK$2. 2 billion in the construction of a new state-of-the-art TVB urban center in Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate. The management and production facilities, with a building area of over 110,000 sq metres, 30% more than the TV metropolis at Clear Water Bay Road, came into full operation in October 2003. There are two outdoor shooting locations and 22 production studios in TVB City. The new TVB City is fully digitized to enhance its services to the public.On 31 December 2007, TVB officially launched its 24-hour HD channel, HD Jade, providing diverse and brand new auditory sensation/visual entertainment in the digital era. In addition to the simulcast of digital Jade and Pearl channel, TVB started operational J2 and iNews digital channels in June 2008 and January 2009 respectively. The Company has always been striving for excel lence in serving the the great unwashed of Hong Kong and its efforts are widely recognized. The Company, has thus received 450 international awards for its various television programming and programme promotions in the past.In 1997, TVB has also been awarded as one of Asias 50 most competitive companies one of the top 20 companies in Hong Kong and one of the Asias 200 Leading Companies. In 2001, it was also awarded the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) global Broadcasting Excellence Award 2001 for its outstanding contributions to the community. Now, let me sum up our intent. Our mission is to develop a diverse development company. In the past, we have developed magazine industry, music industry, film industry and earnings industry.In the future, we plan to develop agency industry, which are combine advertisements and sales. We plan to operate online sales thought the television and earn the commission. There are several reasons that can support our proposal to be a palm y one. First of all, we have an excellent financial situation now and we have cash balance occur HK$3,604 million in 2012. If the our proposal is implemented, more sponsorship in the clothing and jewelry of the TV series or some annual TV shows. It can decrease the cost of production. nline shopping become more popular, this development of this kind of business can really help the company to generate more earning. Secondary, TVB have already a huge fixed amount of audience and we believe that more audience will be attracted by the new scheme, which means that more customers are provided. Moreover, nowadays, online shopping has become a tendency in Hong Kong since it is convenient. When you are taking the train, on your way to work or lying on the sofa, enjoy your weekend at home, you can watch our programs though your cell phone and TV.Our artists wear the fashion items that you want, you can only touch that item on the top to get it. The details of the item will be shown aft(pre nominal) you touching the screen. If you decide to buy, you can add the item to your shopping bag and confirm you order. You can use any of the payment types listed on the screen to pay for your order, for example VISA, PAYPAL, AMERICAN EXPRESS. Your details are pencil eraser with us as we take security very seriously indeed. U may doubt that whether the proposal is feasible. It can surely give u an answer.Yes We plan to cooperate with SONY to make the technology of touch screen can be perfected and fixed with this proposal. SONY which is an initiate company always seeks for a breakthrough has a strong technology to support us. It can match with the technology that our plan needs. TVB has been serving the audience for 44 years. It will continue to keep its promise, delivering excellence in programming and cutting-edge broadcasting technology to the plurality of Hong Kong and to Chinese communities around the world. umanitarian initiative Apart from fighting for greater profits, it is our obligation to perform our humanitarian initiative. later shooting dramas, we can ask our clients for their clothes for charity sale. All income from charity sale will be giftd to charities. Clothes which are abandoned can donate to charities as well. Our actors and actress are also willing to donate their clothes either for the charity sale or the charities. establish a new department in response for the agency job.

Women To The Status Of A “Second Class Citizen”

It is undeniable that wo workforce, in general, relieve oneself suffered solely sorts of discrimination and have been treated poorly by any society near the world for as long as history has been recorded. All countries in the world have inform their support to liken rights for wowork force. Yet, on a daily basis, various forms of discrimination and violence against females take set come on around the world. roughly quantify, men inst in all glass ceilings to separate women, which prevent them from moving up in their c atomic number 18ers.Sometimes, it is manifested through salaries with women being paying(a) less than men. Discriminatory laws and social norms, which give preference to men in contrastive fields, also hack women to the status of a second class citizen. Most societies have a antiquated system, which governs transaction surrounded by men and women. Patriarchy, which literally means the rule of the men, is a social system where men mulct the overabunda nt role. It also means that men are seen as the heads of households.In patriarchal societies millions of women are hale to deal with diametric forms of discrimination and misdirects at their work places and in their homes. Women take a subordinate or second-class role. This is commonly reinforced through the following systems 1. The economic system Men are regarded as breadwinners and therefore salaried more than women. Women perform unpaid labour such as rearing children. With regards to lieu and inheritance rights, women are often discriminated against. 2. Culture and social norms and religiousCulture is every social function in society which is socially rather than biologically transmitted. For example, grammatical gender roles and certain(a) types of behavior are learned and allocated to men and women boys dont cry, men must protect their young ladys and women, men are the heads of households and so forth. Girls must be kind and nurturing, not aggressive or too pushy. g rammatical gender refers to the social system, which governs the relations between men and women. It is the different roles that societies prescribe for men and women.Unlike sex, which is biological, gender is determined by a give societys values and norms, the social, political and economic system. So a mans sex determines that he cannot have babies, but it is his gender role in most societies that determines that he should not feed babies and change nappies. sex roles are ethnical and destination is something that changes over time. The social role men play is linked to cause and control and umpteen people in our communities see it as part of the social order (the right smart things should be).Women can be good as a doctor but not a handler or president. Women are the top students in university but men professor are in majority. Some think that the feelings of favorable position by men can be traced back to the biblical times of rapture and Eve as Adam was created in Gods image and Eve came from Adam. 3. Political systems Men write and slide down the law. Until as recently as the 1970s, women were not allowed to vote in many countries, it also went without saying that governments, too large business and transnational institutions were run mostly by men.Amazingly, many studies have shown that women who are subjected to violence and abuse are from all segments of society, including those from well-educated and well-off social classes. Yet, they dont declaim about it because of shame, fear or out of concern that it would negatively affect their social status. Societies and women alike share the blame for the situation by judge the abuse and, in some cases, justifying it. On the other hand, women activists say that many females, regardless of their education, feel insulted when activists speak to them about the read to end the abuse they are being subjected to.It is common knowledge that almost every language and culture tends to be male-dominate d though believe me women do have a part to play some times ago my cousin gave birth to her second child a second girl so i tell my friend about it and she says oh the poor parents a second girl i was applauded What the hell is that sibyllic to mean when both of us are second girls in the family. Its unfeignedly a thing we as women need to improve who cares what the men think.Women to the Status of a Second Class CitizenIt is undeniable that women, in general, have suffered all sorts of discrimination and have been treated poorly by every society around the world for as long as history has been recorded. All countries in the world have announced their support to equal rights for women. Yet, on a daily basis, various forms of discrimination and violence against females take place around the world. Sometimes, men install glass ceilings to separate women, which prevent them from moving up in their careers.Sometimes, it is manifested through salaries with women being paid less than me n. Discriminatory laws and social norms, which give preference to men in different fields, also reduce women to the status of a second class citizen. Most societies have a patriarchal system, which governs relations between men and women. Patriarchy, which literally means the rule of the men, is a social system where men play the dominant role. It also means that men are seen as the heads of households.In patriarchal societies millions of women are forced to deal with different forms of discrimination and abuses at their work places and in their homes. Women take a subordinate or second-class role. This is usually reinforced through the following systems 1. The economic system Men are regarded as breadwinners and therefore paid more than women. Women perform unpaid labour such as rearing children. With regards to property and inheritance rights, women are often discriminated against. 2. Culture and social norms and religiousCulture is everything in society which is socially rather t han biologically transmitted. For example, gender roles and certain types of behavior are learned and allocated to men and women boys dont cry, men must protect their girls and women, men are the heads of households and so forth. Girls must be kind and nurturing, not aggressive or too pushy. Gender refers to the social system, which governs the relations between men and women. It is the different roles that societies prescribe for men and women.Unlike sex, which is biological, gender is determined by a given societys values and norms, the social, political and economic system. So a mans sex determines that he cannot have babies, but it is his gender role in most societies that determines that he should not feed babies and change nappies. Gender roles are cultural and culture is something that changes over time. The social role men play is linked to power and control and many people in our communities see it as part of the social order (the way things should be).Women can be good as a doctor but not a manager or president. Women are the top students in university but men professor are in majority. Some think that the feelings of superiority by men can be traced back to the biblical times of Adam and Eve as Adam was created in Gods image and Eve came from Adam. 3. Political systems Men write and pass the law. Until as late as the 1970s, women were not allowed to vote in many countries, it also went without saying that governments, big business and international institutions were run mostly by men.Amazingly, many studies have shown that women who are subjected to violence and abuse are from all segments of society, including those from well-educated and well-off social classes. Yet, they dont speak about it because of shame, fear or out of concern that it would negatively affect their social status. Societies and women alike share the blame for the situation by accepting the abuse and, in some cases, justifying it. On the other hand, women activists say that man y females, regardless of their education, feel insulted when activists speak to them about the need to end the abuse they are being subjected to.It is common knowledge that almost every language and culture tends to be male-dominated though believe me women do have a part to play some times ago my cousin gave birth to her second child a second girl so i tell my friend about it and she says oh the poor parents a second girl i was applauded What the hell is that supposed to mean when both of us are second girls in the family. Its truly a thing we as women need to improve who cares what the men think.

Meli Marine Case Study Essay

Global commerce trade is primarly dependent on trans-ocean ecstasy roughly 90% of general cargo is shipped via container Based on the container expatriation value chain, there atomic number 18 several segments to expand and integrate the business and enter the market. This would provide benefit of business diversification thereof decreasing risks According to the volume of growth of shipping lanes (Exhibit 6), every lane has steadily increased during the coda years and is expected to grow further in the futureMeli Marines Strategy to vie in The Industry1) Greater flexibility in the cost structure by selling aged(a) vessels, adding smaller more efficient vessels and reducing the total fleet owned (consolidation) 2) Shifting the focus from birdfeeder to line military function (intra-Asia). This brought the advantage to also cover spoke-to-spoke lanes and not only hub-to-spoke 3) Priorization a narrower set of costumers and shipping products (commodities and perishable produc ts). Hence, investment in specialized containers such as insulated, refrigereted, etc to back-up the business (core competence)4) Meli Marine built reveal its own freight forwarder arm seam slight door-to-door service using an integrated chain service with other transportation systems, achieving a more complete service to the costumers 5) The previous strategies, in particular from 2 to 4, allowed Meli Marine to create its own industry standard that became an added value. In fact, costumers did not switch eventhough the competitors offered the same services to a cheaper priceMeli Marine Performance Compared to Key Competitors Meli Marine is the smallest player in the market in terms of revenues and capital, mainly due to concentration on the intra-Asia lanes. Indeed, constant revenue growth (67%) indicates that there is less opportunities for expansion and growth in Revenues the intra-Asia

Designing a Syllabus

From the theories given supra, we conclude that when designing a syllabus, curriculum, develop rush and students needs should be taken in consideration in order to achieve learning objectives. As stated by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of Kosova (MESTK) In order to achieve the targeted aims and objectives of item grade face vocabulary curriculum and to cover the topical content of particular grade syllabus, teachers should recognize and use materials of trance level from textbook(s) and other sources (online magazines and newspapers, TV, video, Internet).These materials should be primarily dedicated to teenagers and young adults. It remains in the teachers domain to select teaching materials that may be type and profile appropriate, which (s)he may use either as alternate or as supplementary material in the English vocabulary syllabus.Although it is estimated that within a school year, approximately 8 content areas should be covered, it is the teachers responsibility to plan the number of topical areas (units) and the composition of it, in accordance with the total amount of hours dedicated to English in different types of vocational schools.In addition, teachers may plan an amount of 20 30% of overall teaching materials, which (s)he may use with a particular profile of learners in order to cover specific professional needs and meet the requirements of particular vocational schools. These could be a selection of specific texts/materials suitable for the particular type/profile of vocational schools (e.g. texts in medical field, technical field, business, catering).Apart from this, teachers may use supplementary materials to suit the learners needs, that is, their background cognition (or lack of it), their interests and motivation. Supplementary materials (video tapes, documentary films, drama activities, projects, contests and quizzes, and similar), may be used either within habitue English classes, or within additional activit ies planned by the vocational school curriculum (choice subjects, extra-curricular activities, and similar). The to a higher place citation can be found on the website of MESTK under the section of vocational schools curriculum.However, the difference betwixt general schools and vocational schools curriculum is made only by the part cited in this paper. I.e. English phrase taught in professional schools despite different study domain, is not treated as ESP program but the burden falls on the teacher who, besides the units that are envisaged to be included in the program, is obliged to select additional materials which are profile appropriate. Scholars as Dudley-Evans and ST John (1998) describe the teacher as the material selector, researcher, and an evaluator as well as syllabus designer.They continue their argument emphasizing that these roles cannot be fulfilled if the learners needs are not analyzed beforehand. ESP teachers have to complete all the roles mentioned above in or der to achieve the harmony between, students needs, study domain and the curriculum designed by the Ministry of Education. 2.5 employ textbooks in the lesson Textbooks have an essential role in language classrooms in all types of educational situations. It is a kind of media used by both students and teachers.When using a textbook teacher is assured that everyone in the class is getting the same amount of knowledge and that they are equally evaluated and tested. Course books provide a diversity of learning resources since they make a set of workbooks, cassette tapes, or CD-ROMs, and a teachers guide. Richards (2010) claims that there are in any case some disadvantages in using textbooks for example, they may not reflect students needs.Each textbook aims to occupy the spheric market and so it is unable to serve everyones needs. There are innumerous textbooks which are designed for teaching-learning bidding but not all of them are categorized as good textbooks. As the result, befo re choosing a textbook, teachers should really understand about needs, interests, abilities, and level of the students.Similarly, Harmer (2007) declares that the most important part of the use of textbook is to keep an eye on the needs of the students. Bertin (2003) proclaims that it is a especial(a) skill that teachers should have in order to choose the textbook that suits language level, content, activity and the logical order of the textbook.In English for foreign learners (EFL) classes, a course book is the gravestone to language teaching, language learning as well as it is a window to particular language culture. Nevertheless as Dickins (1994) clarifies, that the resources evaluation literature tends to focus absolutely on the analysis of the product. This means that teachers themselves bring out the evaluation of textbooks in order to conclude which materials best suit their purposes, schools mission and students needs.Despite its special importance, regarding features ment ioned above, a textbook should be selected and evaluated carefully before used in the class. Cunningsworth (1995) proposes four criteria for analyzing textbookso Coursebooks should intend to students needs. o They should match learners uses (present or future).Selected textbooks should equip learners with the knowledge that will effectively serve them for their purposes.o They should take in consideration students needs and facilitate their learning process.o They should have a key role as a sustention to learning. Their role is similar to teachers. They negotiate between the target language and the student.

Tourism of Valais,Switzerland Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism of Valais,Switzerland - Research Paper ExampleEvery tourist scene of action undergoes a life cycle that mainly consists of the exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, and rejuvenation or decline periods. The involvement stage see the establishment of a few hotels and the significant growth in the number of tourist arrivals in the destination. The domesticated help and German markets were the most popular at this time. The development stage saw the involvement of government and clubby developers in the establishment of infrastructures such as roads, airports and railway networks and expensive facilities for the expansion of the tourism sector. The consolidation stage was characterized by the improvement of infrastructure and tourist facilities so as to boost the tourism economy of the area. oer the last six years, the tourism sector has been on the decline stage with tourist arrivals reducing roughly every year and the balance of payment only s lightly improving.Valais has gone through most of the stages of the talcum model. At the exploration stage, locals especially enjoyed the natural environment the number of tourist arrivals being quite low. Considering domestic tourist arrivals as shown in table one, it is evident that for the last six years beginning 2005 and destination in 2010, the popularity of Valais has been on the steady decline. This state of events is mainly as a result of the destination having reached a point of unsustainable development. The destination generally seems to be congested with little room for development.