Broadway Theatre – a History

Broadway Theater Broadway is the longest street in New York, starting in downtown Manhattan, and running through town, crossing the Broadway Bridge, and continues to Bronx (Greiner, visit- new-york-city. com) Then why when people hear this street name, do they think of theater? That’s because this street, commonly referred to as the â€Å"Great White Way†, has 36 theaters. These 36 theaters, along with 4 other, make up what is called the Theatre District. Broadway history dates back to the late 1600's, when a coffee house called ‘The King's Arms' opened in 1696 on Broadway.Some scholars think this may have held Manhattan's earliest theatrical performances (Kenrick, J, musicals101. com). However, it isn't until December 6, 1732, when the first professional performance of a specific play is recorded in New York City. The play was â€Å"The Recruiting Officer†, and was performed by a group of actors from London, in an empty building near Maiden Lane and Pearl Street. Performances continued in this unnamed place through the end of the decade. For it wasn't until 1750, when New York had around ten thousand citizens, that it received its first formal theater (Kenrick, J, musicals101. om). However, the theater was still not on Broadway, but slightly east on Nassau Street, which gave it the name â€Å"Theatre on Nassau Street. † This theater was a wooden, two story structure that could only hold about 280 people. Walter Murray and Thomas Kean presented Shakespeare’s â€Å"Richard III† on March 5, 1750. They also presented the first documented musical in New York, which was John Gay's â€Å"The Beggars Opera†, on December 3, 1750. Historians don't know much about the Theater on Nassau Street, which results in mostly guesswork. In her book â€Å"Theater In American†, Mary C.Henderson said, â€Å"May have been either a warehouse or a brewery (or both). . . probably fitted up with a stage at one end, benches in front of it, and a raised gallery at the rear for common folk. Murray and Kean made a significant addition to their New York playhouse – they added boxes along the side walls, not only to increase the seating (a sign that they attained a moderate success) but also to provide a special place for the elite of the city. † (Henderson, 237). Unfortunately, the theater was later sold and turned into storage space, and then was eventually torn down in 1754 to make way for a church (Kenrick, musicals101. om). In 1798 the city's first world-class theater was built (Kenrick, musicals101. com). The â€Å"Park Theatre† could hold 2,000 people, had a spacious bench-filled pit, four tiers of private boxes, and a top gallery. Lewis A Erenber talks about the Park theatre in his book â€Å"Steppin' Out† saying, â€Å"All kinds of performances were housed under one roof, so that audiences in the 1830s might see drama, circus, opera and dance on the same bill. New York's P ark Theater, despite a reputation as an elite house, had a relatively large room that permitted the masses to govern the stage.Each class had its own part of the theatre, but all attended – mechanics in the pit, upper classes and women in the boxes, and prostitutes, lower class men, and blacks in the balcony. The rowdy audiences often yelled, stamped, drank and smoked during the performance. † (Erenberg, 15). Admission for the theater was 50 cents for the pit, 25 cents for the gallery, and a full dollar for the boxes (Kenrick, musicals101. com). The behavior of the rowdy audience was often drowned out by the action on stage, though showers of nuts and fruits from the balcony were common.Prostitutes often conducted business in the balcony, which led to much belief by the church that theatres were â€Å"foyers of hell†. One of the next theaters to open, was the ‘Bowery Theatre' in 1826 (Kenrick, musicals101. com). It aimed at the upper class at first, but whe n new management took over, decided to cater to the working class, by more action packed plays. According the Broadway League, it â€Å"Presented varied popular fare through the years, including spectacle, variety, melodrama, Italian vaudeville (c. 1915), and Chinese theatre (1920s).Burned down (and rebuilt) five times: 1828, 1836, 1838, 1845, and 1923–until a June 5, 1929 fire closed the theatre for good. † (Broadway League, ibdb. com) On the other side of the spectrum, for the upper class, The ‘Astor Place Opera House' was built in 1847, by wealthy New Yorkers, with the sole purpose of bringing Italian opera to the city (Broadway League, ibdb. com). These two theaters are commonly remembered for the Astor Place Riot, when in the spring of 1849, they were both performing the production of Macbeth.American ‘Edwin Forest' was directing the play along the middle and lower classes at the Bowery, while British ‘William Macready' appealed to the upper clas s at the Astor Place Opera House. As one source states, â€Å"A volatile combination of press ballyhoo and widespread anti- British sentiment incited a claque of Forrest's fans to disrupt a few of Macready's performances. † (Kenrick, musicals101. com). On the night of May 10, 1849 while the mainly upper class audience was enjoying their performance of Macbeth at the Astor Place Opera House, a mob of twenty thousand lower and working class men broke into a full-scale riot.When the violence got out of control, the police fired their guns directly into the crowd, killing at least twenty-two, while wounding more than 150 (Kenrick, musicals101. com). Robert W. Snyder says in the Encyclopedia of New York City that, â€Å"After the Astor Place Riot of 1849 entertainment in New York City was divided along class lines: opera was chiefly for the upper middle and upper classes, minstrel shows and melodramas for the middle class, variety shows in concert saloons for men of the working c lass and the slumming middle class. (Jackson, 1226).While there will always be fighting between the classes, it never again was centered around a theatrical event. As New York City grew in population, more ways of entertainment were on the rise. Laura Keene became one of the first nationally recognized actress managers of the American Stage (Kenrick, Musicals101. com). She produced and starred in many comedies and musicals at 622 Broadway. She set Broadways first â€Å"long-run† record with a 50 performance hit called ‘The Elves' in 1857, and continued to astound everyone with her musical ‘Seven Sisters' in 1860, which had 253 performances.With the Civil War going on during this time (1861-1865), this vastly expanded and upgraded railroads, which made it much more easier and affordable for the theatrical productions to tour. It was during one of these tours, when Laura Keene's troupe came to Ford's Theater in Washington, DC for the Spring of 1865, that President A braham Lincoln was assassinated while attending the performance of â€Å"Our American Cousin† on April 14. Even though Keene had no control over Lincoln's assignation, her name because so linked to the tragedy, that it soon forced her into retirement.Charles Hoyt's â€Å"A Trip to Chinatown (1891) became Broadway's long-run champion, with 657 performances (Kenrick, Musicals101. com). A â€Å"Trip to Coontown† was performed in 1898, and was the first musical comedy entirely produced and performed by African Americans in a Broadway theatre. In 1894, â€Å"The Passing Show† was the first Broadway revue. However, it received little attention, and revues would not really catch in popularity until Floren Ziegfeld introduced his Follies in 1907. (Zenrick, musicals101. om) Hundreds of musical comedies were staged on Broadway in the 1890s and early 1900s, but New York Runs continued to be relatively short, in comparison to London runs. In 1910, smaller off-Broadway thea tre groups really took up. They would setup shop in smaller downtown venues, with the purpose of promoting experiments works, with people who may not make it to the city to see them. Some of the first groups were â€Å"The Washington   Square Players (later renamed the Theatre Guild), The Provincetown Players, and The Neighborhood Playhouse† (Zenrick, Musicals101. om). Most of the first off-Broadway performances were â€Å"Socially challenging dramas (Zenrick, musicals101. com)†, for it wasn't until later when musicals became a part of the off-Broadway scene. Since gaslight was not strong enough to be used with colored filters, theatre district advertising was dull through the 1890's. The first animated electric billboard appeared in Times Square in 1903, with Victor Herbert's musical â€Å"The Red Mill†, installing a sign with carbon lights that imitated the revolving arms of a windmill.This sign used electric light, which was far brighter, and made advertisi ng much easier. Soon, every Broadway show had some sort of electric sign, but since colored bulbs burned out too quickly, at first white lights were standard. This is where Broadway gets it's name â€Å"The Great White Way†, because the largest of these eletric billboards, oftenly called spectaculars, were actually stopping traffic with the night glow that they gave off. (Zenrick, musicals101. com) In 1927, neon lighting was introduced, which helped elongate shapes and bright colors.Broadway's business peaked in the 1927-1928 season, as more ten 70 legitimate theatres housed over 250 shows, but then later dropped tremendously in the 1930's in the depression, some Broadway productions even had to file for bankruptcy, such as Lee Shuberts productions (Zenrick, musicals101. com). Though eventually, World War II booseted the American economy, and many great musicals appeared in the 1940's, such as â€Å"Oklahoma†. Off-Broadway also increased, in small downtown theatres in Greenwich Village, and the Lower East Side that had been home to experimental theatre since the 1920's.Such shows such as â€Å"The Fantasticks† opened in 1960, â€Å"Godspell† (1971), â€Å"Little Shop of Horrors† (1982) â€Å"Nunsense† (1985) were born off-Broadway, and were very successful (Zenrick, musicals101. com)   During this time, marked the beginning of the â€Å"Theatre Wing’s Tony Award†. This award is theatre’s most prestigious and coveted prize, designed to celebrate excellence in theatre (Tony Awards, tonyawards. com) The 1980's Broadway was took over by imported â€Å"Mega-Musicals† (Cats, Les Miserables), and the 1990's saw the rise of big corporations   such as Disney (Beauty and the Beast, Lion King).These hits brought more people to Times Square, showing that the district had fresh commercial potential. Big, new, hotels were built, and a series of corporations (MTV, ABC, etc) were now present in the neig hborhood. (Zenrick, musicals101. com). For the book, â€Å"New York, An Illustrated History† states, â€Å"By the late 1990s, a new Times Square had emerged – cleaner, better lit, and more wholesome than it had been in half a century, and busier and more profitable than it had been in decades. Each night as the sun went down, the district was transformed into a glowing, shimmering diaphanous dish of light. (Burns, Sanders, & Ades, 554). Unfortunately, As theatrical productions got more technologically advanced, and theatrical production costs continued to rise, so did the price of tickets. Orchestra seats that once went for $8 in 1965, were $45 in 1985, and up to $100 in 2001, which is a much higher rise than the overall price of living (Zenrick, musicals101. com) Modern day Broadway shows that can very expensive. The production of the play â€Å"Wicked†, which is currently in its seventh year on Broadway, has grossed nearly $1. billion dollars, and has been se en by nearly 23 million people worldwide (Wicked Facts, newsobserver. com). â€Å"The Phantom of the Opera† is another Broadway play that has seen phenomenal success in its run. The show has received 7 Tony Awards, and been see by more then 10 million people. It has been on Broadway for over 17 years, making it the most successful production in the history of Broadway. In conclusion, New York's theatre district is once again a prime tourist attraction, and the theatrical productions remain a huge factor in the city's financial well-being.According to the League of Theatre Owners and Producers, Broadway shows currently sell one and a half billion dollars worth of tickets annually (Zenrick, musicals101. com). Broadway Theater is a staple in live entertainment, and something that is amazing to be able to see. Works Cited Kenrick, John. â€Å"Theatre in New York: A Brief History. † Musicals101. com – The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musicals. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 June 201 0. . Henderson, Mary C.. Theater in America: 200 Years of Plays, Players, and Productions. First Edition ed.New York: Harry N Abrams, 1991. Print. Erenberg, Lewis A.. Steppin' Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1984. Print. â€Å"IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information. † IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 June 2010. . Jackson, Kenneth T. (Edited). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955. Print. Ades, Lisa, Ric Burns, and James Sanders. New York: An Illustrated History. Exp Sub ed. New York: Knopf, 2003. Print.Greiner, Julie. â€Å"A Brief Early History of Broadway Plays. † A Brief Early History of Broadway Plays. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 June 2010.

The eNotes Blog Top Ten Pick-Up Lines inLiterature

Top Ten Pick-Up Lines inLiterature For the Power of Words, I give you Exhibit A: Arthur Miller (Death of a Salesman, The Crucible)  and Marilyn Monroe. As Exhibit B: Salman Rushdie (The Satanic Verses, Midnights Children)  Ã‚  and  Padma Lakshmi. I could go on. Here are ten great lines from literature that just might help you get lucky, too.   1.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it. From  The Picture of Dorian Gray  by Oscar Wilde 2.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"What holds the world together, as I have learned from bitter experience, is sexual intercourse.†   From  Tropic of Cancer  by Henry Miller 3.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"I used to think marriage was a plate-glass window just begging for a brick.†   From  Written on the Body  by Jeanette Winterson 4.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"I seemed like a baby bird keeping its truly innocent animal lusts hidden under its wing. I was being tempted, not by the desire of possession, but simply by unadorned temptation itself.†   From  Confessions of a Mask  by Yuko Mishima (yep, thats really him) 5.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"If you ask me what I want, I’ll tell you. I want everything.† From  Pussy, King of the Pirates  by Kathy Acker 6.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The first breath of adultery is the freest.† -From Couples  by John Updike 7.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Stuff me in a tutu and let’s screen experimental videos all day.†   From  The Ask  by Sam Lipstye 8.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"He was now in that state of fire that she loved. She wanted to be burnt.†   From  Delta of Venus  by Anais Nin 9.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"I want to do with you what spring does with the cherry trees.†   From  Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair  by Pablo Neruda 10.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"A little she strove, and much repented, /  And whispering, ‘I will ne’er consent’ - consented.†   From  Don Juan  by Lord Byron

Indian Law and Karma essays

Indian Law and Karma essays Indian society operates under two very different systems of law, one ancient, cyclical and metaphysical in nature, and the other modern, statutory, and civil, being grounded in the tradition of English common law as established during the imperial period of the Raj. The one system has jurisdiction over eternal matters of life, death and rebirth, and over social status and obligation in the sphere of earthly existence. The other, Western-based system is familiar to us through the institutions of a local, state and federal judiciary, presided over by a high court that dispenses justice according to the laws and proceedings of a formal, independent and constitutional system. India's independent judicial system originated under the British imperial regime, and today its concepts and procedures resemble those of Anglo-American countries also grounded in common law.(Lingat, 1973) India's chaotic legal system is, however, something of an impediment to the country's economic and political unity. Derived variously from the constitution, statutes, customary law and case law, it is largely based on English law as it existed under British colonial rule. While U.S. or U.K. law have been revised several times since World War II, India's has not been overhauled once. While certain areas have been adapted and modernized, the body of law as a whole is arcane and outdated, confused by updates and revisions, and circumnavigated with regulations and bureaucracy. Indian courts have jurisdiction over most economic and political transactions, regardless of their nature. At the apex of the entire judicial system is the Supreme Court of India in New Delhi. It has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction and is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs, and to enforce them. Supreme Court judges are appointed by the president of India and remain in office until the age of 65. At the next level is the High Court, of which there is one in each stat...

Disadvantages vs. Advantages of Global Warming

Disadvantages vs. Advantages of Global Warming The United Nations has been studying climate change and working to combat its effects since the first Earth Summit in 1992.  The UN Intergovernmental panels fifth report, published in late 2014, reiterates that  global warming- more precisely called climate change- is happening and will likely not abate for centuries. The report also states with 95 percent certainty that the activity of humans has been the primary cause of increasing temperatures over the previous few decades, up from 90 percent in a previous report. Weve heard the dire warnings- even if we have yet to heed them- but could there possibly be any advantages to climate change, and if so, could these upsides possibly outweigh the downsides? The short answer is no. Heres why. Advantages of Global Warming? Its a Bit of a Stretch The so-called advantages of climate are out there- if youre really looking but do they compensate for the disruption and destruction wrought by the disadvantages? Again, the answer is no but for die-hard fans of the global warming trend, advantages might include the following suspect scenarios: The  Arctic, Antarctic, Siberia, and other frozen regions of the earth might experience more plant growth and milder climates.The next ice age could possibly be prevented.The  Northwest Passage through the formerly icy Canadian Arctic Archipelago could arguably open up to transportation.Fewer deaths or injuries would occur due to arctic conditions.Longer growing seasons could mean increased agricultural production in some areas. Disadvantages: Ocean Warming, Extreme Weather For every minutely possible advantage to climate change, there is a much more profound and compelling disadvantage. Why? Since the oceans and weather are highly interconnected and the water cycle has an impact on weather patterns (think air saturation, precipitation levels, and the like), what affects the ocean affects weather. For instance: Changes in ocean circulation and the resulting warmer temperatures disrupt the worlds normal weather patterns, bringing about more extreme weather and an increased frequency of severe and  catastrophic storms, such as hurricanes and typhoons. The increase in severe storms leads to a more frequent occurrence of such things as hundred-year floods, decimation of habitats and property, not to mention, loss of life- human and otherwise.  Ã‚  Higher sea levels  lead to flooding of lowlands. Islands and coastlines are engulfed by water leading to death and disease due to flooding.The acidification of warming oceans leads to a loss of coral reefs. Coral reefs protect shorelines from heavy waves, storms, and floods and while they only cover about 1 percent of the ocean floor, reefs provide a habitat for 25 percent of the oceans species. Demolished reefs lead to increased erosion and coastal property damage and the extinction of species.Warming ocean waters means increased melting of gla ciers and ice sheets. Smaller ice sheets form each subsequent winter, which has a devastating impact on the habitat of cold-climate animals and the Earths reserves of freshwater. (According to the United States Geography Survey [USGS], 69 percent of the Earths ice is locked in ice and glaciers.)   Less sea ice, warmer water, and increased acidity are catastrophic for krill which forms the base of the oceans food web and feeds whales, seals, fish, and penguins. The plight of polar bears due to the loss of Arctic ice is well documented, but at the other end of the globe, in 2017 as a result of local climate change, in a colony of  40,000 Antarctic Adà ©lie penguins, only two chicks survived. (In 2013, in the wake of a similar event, none survived.) Emperor penguin colonies are also expected to decline due to loss of sea ice and rising temperatures. Disadvantages: Land Desertification As weather patterns are disrupted and droughts intensify in duration and frequency, agricultural sectors are particularly hard hit. Crops and grasslands cant thrive due to lack of water. With crops unavailable,  cattle, sheep, and other livestock dont get fed and die. Marginal lands are no longer useful. Farmers who find themselves unable to work the land lose their livelihoods. In addition:   Deserts become  drier, leading to increased desertification, resulting in border conflicts in already water-scarce areas.Decreased agricultural production leads to food shortages.Starvation, malnutrition, and increased deaths result from food and crop shortages. Disadvantages: Health, Social, and Economic Impact In addition to climate change affecting weather patterns and food production, which in turn have a negative impact on the future of human race as well as the planet, climate change can also put the hurt on peoples pocketbooks, the economy of an area on a larger scale, and health in general:   Insect-borne diseases increase. For example, if insects dont die off in an area because it no longer reaches the cold temperatures it once did, diseases those insects may carry- such Lyme disease- can proliferate more easily.People from poorer, drier, hotter, or low-lying countries may attempt to emigrate to wealthier or higher-elevation locales  seeking better (or at least nondeadly) conditions, causing tension among the existing population.As climates warm overall, people  use more energy resources for cooling needs, which will lead to a rise in air pollution  and deaths from increasingly hot weather conditions that cannot be mitigated.Allergy and asthma rates go up due to pollution exacerbated by the earlier and longer blooming of plants.Cultural or  heritage sites  are  destroyed due to increased extremes and acid rain. Disadvantages: Nature Out of Balance The environment around us is affected by climate change in a multitude of ways. The component parts of any ecosystem normally must maintain a delicate balance but climate change is throwing nature is out of whack- in some places more than others. Effects include:   Increase in the number of species of animals and plants heading toward extinction.Loss of animal and plant habitats causes animals to move into other territories, disrupting ecosystems that are already established.Because the behaviors of many plants, insects, and animals are dependent on temperature, a change in climate can cause an imbalance in the ecosystem itself. For example,  say the availability of food for a particular insect no longer coincides with the time when the offspring of the natural predator for that insect is born. Uncontrolled by predation, the insect population booms, resulting in an overabundance of that pest. This, in turn, leads to increased stress on the foliage the insects eat, which ultimately results in a loss of food for larger animals in the food chain that also depend on those plants for sustenance.Pests such as viruses, fungi, or parasites that usually perish at a certain low temperature no longer die off, which may lead to an increase in disease amo ng plants, animals, and humans.  Ã‚   Melting of permafrost leads to flooding and greatly increases the release of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere which only serves to exacerbate climate change. In addition, ancient viruses long held in stasis by the permafrost are allowed to escape into  the environment.  Rainfall increases in acidity.Earlier seasonal drying of forests leads to forest fires of increased frequency, size, and intensity. Loss of plants and trees on hillsides leaves them more vulnerable to erosion and landslides and may lead to an increased probability of property damage and loss of life.

Case Study Question Answering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Study Question Answering - Essay Example All these strategies by the school head should principally focus on student learning, by providing institutional and instructional leadership (Brown, 2010, p. 5). Mrs. Huda faces an enormous task in her new capacity as a high school headmistress for a new school. Mrs. Huda possesses hardworking and intelligent characteristics that came out clearly throughout her career and studies. She has a strong personality, serious about her duties, excellent and shows perseverance. After her studies, Mrs. Huda worked as a mathematics teacher. Because of her successes in her profession, she gained promotion within 7 years to a secondary school headmistress. She worked tirelessly as a headmistress, and after four years, her achievements were noticeable. The ministry and the educational zone took pride of her hard work. In her fifth year as school head, she was transferred to another school by her superiors who aimed at placing an experienced and hardworking headmistress as the school head. She ass umed her responsibility and functions in her new school with motivation and enthusiasm. However, as she went about her duties with strictness and highhandedness, some of the teachers disliked her leadership style, and they brought it up with the education zone and the ministry. These teachers accused the headmistress of imposing her views, scolding them and being impolite and cruel with her words. They also accused her of constantly changing administrative demands, being bossy and not considering the teachers social needs (Al-Waqfi, & Forstenlechner, 2009, p.2). If I were Mrs. Huda, acting as a school head, I would act appropriately to administrative issues arising in my school as highlighted in each of the following situations. When It Comes To My Knowledge That I Will Be Transferred To a New School During the school holiday, I would make an inquiry about the new school, students and faculty. I would also inquire about the parents and the culture of the school. I would make an asse ssment of the school and have clear goals and expectations. This assessment would establish what needs assessment, and the people to look up to for feedback. This assessment that is reliable and valid will then be linked to research-based standards. The data collected is vital in developing a holistic approach and view of the school performance and expectations. Making an inquiry about the school is necessary because it helps in developing a comprehensive plan for changing issues that need address (Claudet, 2007, p. 7). During The First Meeting with the Administrative Staff in the New School During the first meeting with the teaching and administrative staff, it is crucial to first highlight the issues that need change. I will introduce the assessment to the staff and press to them the need for addressing the issues (Claudet, 2007, p. 9). During this meeting, I will also announce my administrative policies, focused on improving the school. The staffs need to know that the policies n eed fast implementation and absolute commitment. I will also introduce clear expectations on the purpose and goals of the policies I intend to institute in the school. The easy-to-understand and explicit expectations and goals intend to provide a transparent environment for running the school (Ebmier, 2004, p. 7). When I Notice the Frequent Absence of Employees It is vital to investigate reasons for teacher’s absence from school. Then from this investigation, I would

Cultural competence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cultural competence - Essay Example We the World Hunger Eradication Grants Organization (WHEGO) of the United States strive hard to eradicate hunger and make people in the world to live a healthy life. Our motto is to exterminate hunger and poverty by funding deserving and innovative projects that address world hunger and so we are about to look at proposals from countries and its organizations. I am a member of the grant awarding committee and I would explain in this report what are the eligibility criteria that a country must demonstrate in order to be considered for the grant, to what kind of organizations we would award the grant, and what are the required elements of the progress report/proposal that needs to be submitted in order to successfully avail the grants issued by our organization. Every year we allot US $50,000 to $500,000 for various poor and developing countries and their organizations that come forward with sustainable solutions to eradicate hunger through innovative food projects. In spite of the civil society’s efforts to provide food for the people suffering from hunger through food pantries, food banks, and other direct servicing programs, the numbers of starving people continue to swell in countries like Africa particularly in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern, South-eastern and Southern Asia (â€Å"2015 World hunger and,† 2015). So, this time we are looking for conceptualized projects from the African country of , that are yet to be implemented and those which are having high potential for accomplishment and replication. The first and foremost eligibility criterion for a country to receive our grant is to be a current dues-paying member of WHEGO. As the African country of Burundi is a current member of our organization, it duly satisfies this criterion. The country which has received our granting award in the last two years can neither apply

THE INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP AND HIGH PERFORMANCE (HRM) SYSTEMS ON Thesis

THE INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP AND HIGH PERFORMANCE (HRM) SYSTEMS ON PATIENT SAFETY MEDIATING BY ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE IN SAUDI HOSPITALS - Thesis Example lted in hospitals beginning to provide integrated health care services which was qualitatively made even better through technological adaptations (Lighter and Fair, 2004, p.7). As the hospitals grew in size, capital and functions, a considerable work force began to get aligned with it resulting in a scope and need for applying management and human resource concepts and frameworks into them (Hernandez, 2009, p.4). This was also a result of health service as a sector being highly â€Å"labor intensive† (Hernandez, 2009, p.4). It is this evolving work environment in health care sector that is transforming all its outcomes including patient safety (Ngo, Foley and Loi, 2009, p.668). This evolving work environment is what constitutes organizational climate of a health service organization and it is â€Å"the frame of reference through which individuals (workers) make sense of organizational life† in a health care facility (Ngo, Foley and Loi, 2009, p.668). Hence, organizational climate can be viewed as one of the most important mediating element in patient safety (Walston, Al-Omar and Al-Mutari, 2008, p.35). This mediation happens through human resource management. Though there can be many aspects to human resource management that can lead to patient safety, this study envisages focusing on two specific elements of it, namely, leadership and high performance work systems (HPWS). The research done so far in this area have mostly generated data on how leadership and HPWS help build an organizational climate suitable for patient safety (Richardson and Storr, 2010; Stewart and Usher, 2010; Combs et al., 2007). Yet, these studies have also pointed to the lack of sufficient investigation being made into the whole process that starts with leadership and work force, evolves through organizational climate and arrives at desirable level of patient safety. This literature review envisages weighing the opposing arguments on the role of high performance work systems and leadership in